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external dependencies

Links where project work relies on activities outside the project, which can dictate sequencing and timing of tasks.

Key Points

  • Connects project tasks to non-project work (e.g., vendor deliveries, regulatory approvals, market events).
  • Often outside the project team's direct control, increasing schedule uncertainty and risk.
  • Should be recorded in a dependency log and reflected in the schedule network with leads/lags as needed.
  • Managed via contracts, SLAs, coordination plans, and frequent communication with external parties.

Example

A software project cannot deploy a feature until an external payment gateway provider certifies the integration. The certification step, owned by the provider, is an external dependency that can delay the project's release.

PMP Example Question

A team plans system testing but must wait for a third-party vendor to deliver specialized hardware. What type of dependency is this?

  1. Discretionary dependency
  2. External dependency
  3. Internal dependency
  4. Finish-to-start relationship

Correct Answer: B — External dependency (reliance on non-project work)

Explanation: The testing depends on a vendor's delivery, which is outside the project boundary and control, making it an external dependency.

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